Introduction To Financial Management

Define the terms pay and financial management, and identify the major submarine- atomic number 18as of pay. Finance is the exact of applying specific order to things individuals own to include services used and decisions determined Finance by Cornett, M. M., Adair, T. A., & Nofsinger J. (2014). M Finance (2nd ed.). In simple words, pay is how a good deal value is attributable to goods and services and the basis of such attribution. Financial management may be defined as the management of the finances of a traffic or an organization in order to achieve the financial objectives. It includes creation, effective utilization of funds to ensure the smooth functioning of the business. It encompasses planning, administration and controlling. The versatile sub atomic number 18as of finance argon1.Investments deals with deciding on what kinds of securities/bonds the teleph unrivaledr can buy.2.Financial management management of finances to ensure that the financial objectives a re reached 3.Financial institutions and markets these two sub areas facilitate the face lifting of keen funds by the company.What are the three basic tropes of business ownership? What are the advantages and disadvantages to each (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? The three basic forms of business ownership are sole proprietorship, confederacy and deal. A sole proprietorship is where the business is run by a single person. The advantages of this form of ownership are as follows This is the easiest form of business to startThis is affected least by regulations There is no scruple of get by of cabbage. The owner gets to retain the full share The profits are taxed only once as business income. The disadvantages of this form of ownership is as followsThe breeding of the company is restrain to the life of the owner. There leave be no continuity once the owner dies. The capital invested in the business is extra to the resources available with the owner. The scope of r aising external finance is limited The owner under realises the whole risk of the businessThe liability of the owner is unlimited and may extend to his personal assets also A partnership is that form of business ownership where more than than one person work together based on an agreement to share the profits and losses.The advantages are as follows More than one owner is thither in business and hence the risk is shared Each partner will contribute capital and hence more capital will be available This is also relatively easier to start compared to a corporation The income from this type of ownership is taxed once as personal income The disadvantages of a partnership is as followsThe profits are shared between the partners. Hence, when compared to a sole proprietorship there is lesser profits Generally, the liability of the partners is unlimited (except in the sheath of a limited liability) It is difficult to transfer ownershipA corporation is a separate legal entity whose trans actions and conduct of the business is separate from its owners. Corporations can borrow money, carry through and be sued in its own name. The advantages of a corporation are as follows The liability is limited to the amount paid on stock by the investor The corporation has an unlimited lifeThere is separation of ownership and management as the corporation is a separate legal entity Transfer of ownership is easy As a corporation, it is easier to mug up capital from fair-mindedness and debt marketThe disadvantages areThe office staff problem arises as there is separation of management and ownership There is replicate taxation the business income is taxed in the hands of the corporate and the dividends is taxed in the hands of the stockholders as dividend incomeDefine the terms agency relationship and agency problem, and list the three approaches to slander the difference of opinion of interest resulting from the agency problem. An agency relationship is where a principal hire s another person (called an agent) to carry appear the work of the principal in a fiduciary capacity. In miscue of a corporation, the board of directors who constitutethe top management are the agents elected by the principals (stockholders) to carry on the business. An agency problem is where there is a conflict between the agent and principal in terms of functioning and in terms of interest. There are many ways to diminish the conflict of interest. and the three most substantial are as follows1.Ignore the challenge on handThis is the least preferred way of resolving the problem. The stakeholders may resolve to curve the problem on hand. The disadvantage is that the problem continues to remain a problem and is never solved. In this case, the problem may go out of control. 2.Monitor directors actionThe shareholders may monitor the managements action closely to ensure that the situation is not going out of control. 3.Make managers take ownershipBy giving the managers a portion in the capital of the company in the form of say ESOP, the manager will also contribute a virtuous responsibility imposed on him to make decisions and act in the best interests of the company.Why is ethical behavior so important in the field of finance (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? A corporation is a type of ownership where the management is separated from the ownership. The shareholders are the owners who have invested their money in the form of equity capital. It is the managements responsibility to spend the money judiciously. Since the management is handling other peoples money, ethical behavior plays a very important role in the field of finance. Some of the many famous financial scandals are (accounting-degree, 2013) Waste management scandal This is a Houston based company which inform $1.7 billion jook earnings.Enron This was a Houston based commodities, energy and service corporation where the shareholders lost $74 billion dollars. Worldcom scandal A teleco mmunications company inflated the assets by as much as $11 billion. Tyco New Jersey based swiss security company where the CEO and CFO stole $150 cardinal and inflated company income by $500 million Satyam scandal Indian IT services company falsely boosted revenue by $1.5 billion Does the goal of shareholder wealthiness maximization conflict with behaving ethically? Explain (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21). The most important goal of management is to ensure that there is maximization of shareholderswealth. This marrow that over a long period of time, the value of the stock has to increase steadily so as to ensure maximum profits to the shareholders. However, there is endlessly a question on whether the maximization goal conflicts with ethics.While the goal of wealth maximization is very important, it should not be done in an wrong way. The affairs of the company has to be conducted in such a way that it adheres to all government regulations, accounting principles and ethical standards. Examples of unethical ways to increase the wealth is window dressing, violating regulations, etc. whole these cannot be cited as an excuse to ensure that the goal of maximization is reached.Introduction To Financial ManagementDefine the terms finance and financial management, and identify the major sub-areas of finance. Finance is the study of applying specific value to things individuals own to include services used and decisions determined Finance by Cornett, M. M., Adair, T. A., & Nofsinger J. (2014). M Finance (2nd ed.). In simple words, finance is how much value is attributable to goods and services and the basis of such attribution. Financial management may be defined as the management of the finances of a business or an organization in order to achieve the financial objectives. It includes creation, effective utilization of funds to ensure the smooth functioning of the business. It encompasses planning, administration and controlling. The various sub areas of finance are1.Investments deals with deciding on what kinds of securities/bonds the company can buy. 2.Financial management management of finances to ensure that the financial objectives are reached 3.Financial institutions and markets these two sub areas facilitate the raising of capital funds by the company.What are the three basic forms of business ownership? What are the advantages and disadvantages to each (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? The three basic forms of business ownership are sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. A sole proprietorship is where the business is run by a single person. The advantages of this form of ownership are as followsThis is the easiest form of business to start This is affected least by regulations There is no question of share of profits. The owner gets to retain the full share The profits are taxed only once as business income. The disadvantages of this form of ownership is as follows The life of the company is limite d to the life of the owner. There will be no continuity once the owner dies. The capital invested in the business is limited to the resources available with the owner. The scope of raising external finance is limited The owner undertakes the entire risk of the businessThe liability of the owner is unlimited and may extend to his personal assets also A partnership is that form of business ownership where more than one person work together based on an agreement to share the profits and losses. The advantages are as follows More than one owner is there in business and hence the risk is shared Each partner will contribute capital and hence more capital will be available This is also relatively easier to start compared to a corporation The income from this type of ownership is taxed once as personal income The disadvantages of a partnership is as followsThe profits are shared between the partners. Hence, when compared to a sole proprietorship there is lesser profits Generally, the liabil ity of the partners is unlimited (except in the case of a limited liability) It is difficult to transfer ownershipA corporation is a separate legal entity whose transactions and conduct of the business is separate from its owners. Corporations can borrow money, sue and be sued in its own name. The advantages of a corporation are as follows The liability is limited to the amount paid on stock by the investor The corporation has an unlimited lifeThere is separation of ownership and management as the corporation is a separate legal entity Transfer of ownership is easy As a corporation, it is easier to raise capital from equity and debt market The disadvantages are The agency problem arises as there is separation of management and ownership There is double taxation the business income is taxed in the hands of the corporate and the dividends is taxed in the hands of the shareholders as dividend incomeDefine the terms agency relationship and agency problem, and list the three approaches to minimize the conflict of interest resulting from the agency problem. An agency relationship is where a principal hires another person (called an agent) to carry out the work of the principal in a fiduciary capacity.In case of a corporation, the board of directors who constitutethe top management are the agents elected by the principals (stockholders) to carry on the business. An agency problem is where there is a conflict between the agent and principal in terms of functioning and in terms of interest. There are many ways to minimize the conflict of interest. However the three most important are as follows 1.Ignore the challenge on handThis is the least preferred way of resolving the problem. The stakeholders may resolve to ignore the problem on hand. The disadvantage is that the problem continues to remain a problem and is never solved. In this case, the problem may go out of control. 2.Monitor managers actionThe shareholders may monitor the managements action closely to ensure that the situation is not going out of control. 3.Make managers take ownershipBy giving the managers a portion in the capital of the company in the form of say ESOP, the manager will also have a moral responsibility imposed on him to make decisions and act in the best interests of the company.Why is ethical behavior so important in the field of finance (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21)? A corporation is a type of ownership where the management is separated from the ownership. The shareholders are the owners who have invested their money in the form of equity capital. It is the managements responsibility to spend the money judiciously. Since the management is handling other peoples money, ethical behavior plays a very important role in the field of finance. Some of the many famous financial scandals are (accounting-degree, 2013) Waste management scandalThis is a Houston based company which reported $1.7 billion fake earnings. Enron This was a Houston based commodities, energ y and service corporation where the shareholders lost $74 billion dollars. Worldcom scandal A telecommunications company inflated the assets by as much as $11 billion. Tyco New Jersey based swiss security company where the CEO and CFO stole $150 million and inflated company income by $500 million Satyam scandal Indian IT services company falsely boosted revenue by $1.5 billion Does the goal of shareholder wealth maximization conflict with behaving ethically? Explain (Cornett, Adair, &Nofsinger, 2014, p. 21). The most important goal of management is to ensure that there is maximization of shareholderswealth.This means that over a long period of time, the value of the stock has to increase steadily so as to ensure maximum profits to the shareholders. However, there is always a question on whether the maximization goal conflicts with ethics. While the goal of wealth maximization is very important, it should not be done in an unethical way. The affairs of the company has to be conducted in such a way that it adheres to all government regulations, accounting principles and ethical standards. Examples of unethical ways to increase the wealth is window dressing, violating regulations, etc. All these cannot be cited as an excuse to ensure that the goal of maximization is reached.